English gramar

  Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow or come before a noun, and give more information about it. For example, The puppy,  a golden retriever , is my newest pet. “ a golden retriever ” is an appositive to “ The   puppy. ” The word appositive is derived from the Latin phrases  ad  and  positio  meaning “near” and “placement.” Retrieved from https://literaryterms.net/appositive/

  When you change a sentence that has a   separable phrasal verb   and   object   (verb + preposition + object) into an   adjective clause , you can keep the verb and preposition together,   or   you can put the preposition with the relative pronoun that starts the adjective clause.   For people:  The  teacher  gave me good advice.  I  spoke to her  yesterday. The  teacher   whom  I  spoke to   yesterday gave me good advice. The  teacher   who  I  spoke to   yesterday gave me good advice. The  teacher   that  I  spoke to   yesterday gave me good advice. The  teacher   ø  I  spoke to   yesterday gave me good advice. OR The  teacher  to   whom  I  spoke   yesterday gave me good advice.   Notice  that  if  you put the  preposition   before  the  rel...

 In addition to the subject- and object-pattern adjective clauses,   there are also adjective clauses with  whose . In clauses of this   type,  whose  shows  possession . It is   always combined with   a noun or noun phrase. Examples: 1. The author is Jonathan Kellerman. She likes the   author's   books best. ---> The author  whose books  she likes best   is Jonathan Kellerman. The sentence with  whose  has an adjective clause:   whose books   she likes best .   In the clause,   whose   is the relative pronoun and is used with  books .   The clause   modifies the subject  of the sentence:   the author . ________________________________ The people will be glad to help you. The people's names   are on this list. ---> The people  whose names  are on this list   will be glad to help you. Here, the adjective clause is  whose names ar...

Comparative adjectives Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify ( larger, smaller, faster, higher ). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern: Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective +  than  + noun (object). The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below). Examples ·        My house is  larger  than hers. ·        This box is  smaller  than the one I lost. ·        Your dog is  faster  than Jim's dog. ·        The rock is  higher  than the roof. ·        Jim and Jack are both fast, but Jack is  faster . ("than Jim" is understood) Superlative adjectives Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the up...

Adjectives  are used almost exclusively to modify nouns, as well as any phrase or part of speech  functioning  as a noun. For example: “John wears  red   glasses .” ( Red  modifies the noun  glasses .) “A  loud   group of students  passed by.” ( Loud  modifies the noun phrase  group of students .) “ Excellent   writing  is required for this job.” ( Excellent  modifies the  gerund   writing .) Retrieved from thefreedictionary.com/Adjectives.htm

The past perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an  -ing  ending): "I had been working in the garden all morning. George had been painting his house for weeks, but he finally gave up." Generally, progressive forms occur only with what are called dynamic verbs and not with stative verbs.

  To make questions in the Past Perfect, we put  ‘had’ before the subject  and add the Past Participle form of the verb: Yes/No questions To create a question that will be answered with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’, use ‘ Had ‘ (or ‘ Hadn’t ‘ for a negative question) + Past Participle form of the verb. Retrieved from https://grammartop.com/past-perfect-tense-questions/

  The past perfect is formed using  had  + past participle . Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and  had . Negatives are made with  not . The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Retrieved from https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.html v

  We use both of these tenses for finished and unfinished actions. The present perfect simple can be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. It's often used with stative verbs: I've known John for three years. The present perfect continuous can also be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. (Of course, we don't use the present perfect continuous with stative verbs): She's been living here for three years. Sometimes there's really no difference in meaning between the two tenses. This is especially the case with verbs such as 'life', 'work' and 'study': They've lived in London since 2004. They've been living in London since 2004. I've studied French for ten years. I've been studying French for ten years. He's worked a...

  The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an  unspecified time  between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the  process as well as the result,  and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present She  has been waiting  for you all day (= and she's still waiting now). I've been working  on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still haven't finished it). They have been travelling  since last October (= and they're not home yet). Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results She has been cooking  since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious). It's been raining  (= and the streets are still wet). Someone's been eating  my chips (= half of them have gone). Retrieved from http...

  The present perfect tense is commonly used with the indefinite time adverbs  never, ever, before, yet, already. ·        Have you  ever  been to the USA? ·        I have  never  seen a kangaroo. ·        I have seen her  before. ·        They have  already  arrived. ·        She has not received the parcel  yet . The present perfect tense is not used with adverbs of past time. Examples are:  yesterday, last week, last year,  etc. Cases where the present perfect tense cannot be used We do not use the present perfect tense when we say when something happens. In such cases, we use the simple past tense. ·        I saw Rani yesterday. (NOT I have seen Rani yesterday.) ·        She called m...

Present Perfect Questions The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb  have  and the  past participle  of a verb. We use the present perfect: They 've been married  for nearly fifty years. She  has lived  in Liverpool all her life. I 've seen  that film before. I 've played  the guitar ever since I was a teenager. He  has written  three books and he is working on another one. We often use the adverb   ever   to talk about experience up to the present: My last birthday was the worst day I  have ever had . and we use   never   for the negative form: Have  you  ever met  George? Yes, but I 've never met  his wife. Retrieved from https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar-reference/present-perfect?page=25